Tensions in the Gulf have risen sharply after the USA carried out what it described as self-defence strikes against Iranian targets on Qeshm Island in the Strait of Hormuz. The military said the action followed attempted Iranian attacks across the Middle East, including missile launches towards Kuwait and Bahrain and drones aimed at ships passing through regional waters. Iran said its actions were in retaliation for previous US operations and warned that disrupting security in the Strait would have serious consequences. The violence resulted in casualties and damage in Kuwait, including at its international airport. The latest confrontation comes as efforts to secure a lasting ceasefire and broader agreement between Washington and Tehran remain stalled. Although both sides continue to discuss issues related to regional security and Iran’s nuclear programme, significant disagreements remain. Marco Rubio’s statement to Congress on 2 June that ‘the war is over’ seems wide of the mark.